貨(huo)運風(feng)險(xian)是公路運輸(shu)業(ye)中的常見問題(ti)，若不(bu)加以規避，難(nan)免(mian)給物(wu)流企業(ye)和貨(huo)主(zhu)帶來(lai)經(jing)濟損(sun)失。對(dui)前者而(er)言，若在途貨(huo)物(wu)因意外(wai)事故損(sun)毀(hui)，需向貨(huo)主(zhu)賠付。對(dui)后者來(lai)說(shuo)，委托(tuo)物(wu)流企業(ye)代收貨(huo)款，也要承擔經(jing)濟受損(sun)的風(feng)險(xian)。由(you)此(ci)，為解(jie)決(jue)物(wu)流企業(ye)和貨(huo)主(zhu)共(gong)同面(mian)對(dui)的難(nan)題(ti)，貨(huo)物(wu)運輸(shu)保(bao)險(xian)“走到了臺(tai)前”。

　　兩大保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)內容(rong)所謂貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)運輸(shu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，是(shi)指以(yi)(yi)運輸(shu)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)作為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人承保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)因自然災(zai)害或意外事故(gu)造成(cheng)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種。如據報載，早(zao)前曾有(you)一輛深(shen)圳發(fa)(fa)往沈陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)車(che)在(zai)高速公路上(shang)發(fa)(fa)生火災(zai)，導致車(che)上(shang)價值(zhi)16萬元的(de)(de)(de)(de)五金(jin)配件幾(ji)乎全毀。幸好貨(huo)(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)運輸(shu)之(zhi)前向某財險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)了(le)貨(huo)(huo)運險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)企很快做(zuo)了(le)理(li)賠。據了(le)解，貨(huo)(huo)運險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)內容(rong)主(zhu)(zhu)要分為兩個方面:首(shou)先是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，即(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)運輸(shu)過(guo)程中(zhong)因保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);其次是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)費(fei)用，即(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)因保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事故(gu)遭受(shou)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外，另產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)施救費(fei)用、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護救助費(fei)用等。其中(zhong)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還可分為部(bu)分損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、全部(bu)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、單獨海損(sun)(sun)、共同海損(sun)(sun)等。其中(zhong)，部(bu)分損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)分為數(shu)量(liang)(liang)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和質量(liang)(liang)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，前者是(shi)指保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)有(you)部(bu)分貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)滅失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(重(zhong)量(liang)(liang))短(duan)少，以(yi)(yi)滅失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)(重(zhong)量(liang)(liang))占保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)之(zhi)比，按保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金(jin)額(e)計算賠款。而當保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)遭受(shou)質量(liang)(liang)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司先確(que)定(ding)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)完(wan)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)和受(shou)損(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)，計算出(chu)貶值(zhi)率，再(zai)以(yi)(yi)此乘(cheng)以(yi)(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)額(e)即(ji)(ji)得出(chu)賠款金(jin)額(e)。

　　全部損(sun)失，則(ze)是(shi)當被保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)貨(huo)物遭受(shou)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)全損(sun)或(huo)推(tui)定(ding)(ding)全損(sun)時(shi)，均以(yi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)單載明的(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)金(jin)額(e)(e)為準全額(e)(e)賠(pei)付(fu)。若保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同是(shi)不定(ding)(ding)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)，當發生保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)責任范圍內的(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)全損(sun)或(huo)推(tui)定(ding)(ding)全損(sun)時(shi)，按實(shi)(shi)際(ji)價值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)為賠(pei)款計算的(de)依據(ju)。如果出(chu)險(xian)(xian)時(shi)貨(huo)物的(de)實(shi)(shi)際(ji)價值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)高于保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)金(jin)額(e)(e)，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司按保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)金(jin)額(e)(e)賠(pei)付(fu)。若貨(huo)物實(shi)(shi)際(ji)價值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)低(di)于保(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)金(jin)額(e)(e)，則(ze)按實(shi)(shi)際(ji)價值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賠(pei)付(fu)。

　　至于單獨海(hai)損和(he)共同海(hai)損，前者是指(zhi)僅涉及(ji)船(chuan)舶或貨(huo)物(wu)所有人單方面的利益的損失(shi)，而后者指(zhi)在同一(yi)海(hai)上航程(cheng)中，當船(chuan)舶、貨(huo)物(wu)和(he)其(qi)它財產(chan)遭遇共同危險(xian)時，為了共同安全，有意、合理地采取措施所直(zhi)接(jie)造成的特殊犧牲、支付(fu)的特殊費(fei)用，由各受益方按比例分(fen)攤的法(fa)律制度。只要企業為貨(huo)物(wu)投(tou)保過(guo)貨(huo)運險(xian)，險(xian)企都能進(jin)行相(xiang)應的賠(pei)付(fu)。

　　宜配(pei)保“物責險”

　　雖然貨(huo)(huo)運(yun)(yun)(yun)險(xian)能(neng)減輕(qing)物流(liu)企業的(de)經濟損(sun)失，但保(bao)險(xian)業內人(ren)士提(ti)醒，該險(xian)種并不為物流(liu)企業遭遇的(de)任(ren)何意(yi)外(wai)風(feng)險(xian)“兜底”。譬如(ru)，被保(bao)險(xian)人(ren)的(de)故意(yi)行為或過失;發貨(huo)(huo)人(ren)不履行貿易合同規(gui)定(ding)的(de)責(ze)任(ren);保(bao)險(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物在(zai)保(bao)險(xian)責(ze)任(ren)開(kai)始前(qian)早已存在(zai)的(de)品質(zhi)不良和(he)數量短(duan)差;被保(bao)險(xian)貨(huo)(huo)物的(de)自(zi)然損(sun)耗、本質(zhi)缺陷、市價跌落、運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸延(yan)誤造成(cheng)的(de)損(sun)失和(he)費用;貨(huo)(huo)物發生保(bao)險(xian)責(ze)任(ren)范圍(wei)內的(de)損(sun)失，根據法律規(gui)定(ding)應(ying)當由承運(yun)(yun)(yun)人(ren)或第三者負(fu)責(ze)賠(pei)償的(de)部分，都是貨(huo)(huo)運(yun)(yun)(yun)險(xian)的(de)責(ze)任(ren)免除范圍(wei)。

　　另值(zhi)得一(yi)提的(de)(de)是(shi)，對(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流企業而(er)(er)言，僅僅通過購買貨運(yun)險(xian)(xian)來轉嫁(jia)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)其實(shi)并不夠，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)業內人士(shi)建(jian)議同(tong)時投保(bao)(bao)(bao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流責任保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(指(zhi)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人在經(jing)營物(wu)(wu)(wu)流業務過程中，對(dui)由于列明原因(yin)造成的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流貨物(wu)(wu)(wu)損失，依(yi)法應(ying)由被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人承擔賠(pei)償責任的(de)(de)，由保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人根據保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)合同(tong)的(de)(de)約定負(fu)責賠(pei)償)來加強保(bao)(bao)(bao)障。原因(yin)有(you)兩個方面:首先，貨運(yun)險(xian)(xian)即使是(shi)年(nian)度(du)預(yu)約保(bao)(bao)(bao)單，仍需(xu)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人如實(shi)申報每一(yi)票貨物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)金額，否則險(xian)(xian)企可以被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)人違反合同(tong)約定為(wei)由拒賠(pei)。而(er)(er)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流責任保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)是(shi)一(yi)年(nian)一(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)，不需(xu)進行任何申報。

　　其次，如(ru)果(guo)貨(huo)運險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)是(shi)貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)(pei)款就將賠(pei)(pei)付給(gei)貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)而(er)(er)不是(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，且險(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)向(xiang)(xiang)貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)賠(pei)(pei)款后，可(ke)(ke)向(xiang)(xiang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)追(zhui)償。而(er)(er)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)是(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)，險(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)將直接(jie)向(xiang)(xiang)其賠(pei)(pei)付。而(er)(er)當貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)與物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)同時投保(bao)(bao)(bao)貨(huo)運險(xian)(xian)(xian)時，雙方的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)各(ge)承擔一半賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)任(ren)，即貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)賠(pei)(pei)付貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)貨(huo)損的(de)(de)50%，物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)需將其得到的(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)款(貨(huo)損的(de)(de)50%)賠(pei)(pei)付給(gei)貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)。之后，貨(huo)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)可(ke)(ke)就自己(ji)賠(pei)(pei)付的(de)(de)50%的(de)(de)貨(huo)損向(xiang)(xiang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)追(zhui)償。而(er)(er)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)承保(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)就是(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)依(yi)法承擔的(de)(de)經濟(ji)賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)任(ren)，在(zai)遇(yu)有追(zhui)償的(de)(de)情況下，可(ke)(ke)使用物(wu)(wu)(wu)流(liu)責(ze)任(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進行賠(pei)(pei)付。

　　可見，對物流(liu)企業而(er)言(yan)，單(dan)單(dan)購買貨運險(xian)(xian)(xian)不足以完全規避風險(xian)(xian)(xian)，在投保該險(xian)(xian)(xian)種的基礎上，再(zai)配備一份(fen)物責(ze)險(xian)(xian)(xian)，才能為物流(liu)運輸提(ti)供更好的保障。

　　上海棟彤物流有限公司，是上海市一家綜合性的網絡化、信息化、現代化物流公司，公司成立于2007年，注冊資金200萬元，公司自成立以來，一直秉承“客戶至上、服務第一“的經營理念，現已成為組織健全、經驗豐富、設施完善、具有較大影響力的專業化、信息化的上海物流公司。